Download - 20140513 maxwell conference aosta
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Maxwell e la nascita della scienza moderna
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James Clerk Maxwell
Edimburgo, 13 giugno 1831
Cambridge, 5 novembre 1879
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Equazioni di Maxwell
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Equazioni di Maxwell
Oliver Heaveside 1850-1925
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Equazioni di Maxwell
Oliver Heaveside 1850-1925
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Equazioni di Maxwell
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Centocinquant’anni fa: !
Il mondo rivisitato da Maxwell
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Centocinquant’anni fa: !
Il mondo rivisitato da Maxwell
On physical lines of force 1861
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Centocinquant’anni fa: !
Il mondo rivisitato da Maxwell
A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism 1873
On physical lines of force 1861
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Equazioni di Maxwell
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Equazioni di Maxwell
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Circuito tradizionale6
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Circuito stampato
7
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Microprocessore
8
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Microprocessore
9
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Trasmissione energia
10
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La luce
11
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Il sole
12
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Repulsione elettrostatica
13
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Aurora Boreale
14
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Fulmine
15
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Fulmini
16
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Elettricità
17
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Frigorifero
18
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Radio
19
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Televisione
20
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Antenne
21
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Stazioni trasmittenti
22
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Telescopio
23
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Cellulare
24
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Propagazione della luce
25
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Raggi X
26
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Spettro27
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frottage28
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frottage28
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Equazioni di Maxwell forma locale
∇⋅E = ρε0
∇×E = − ∂B∂t
∇⋅B = 0
∇×B = µ0 J + ε0∂E∂t
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
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Equazioni di Maxwell forma locale
∇⋅E = ρε0
∇×E = − ∂B∂t
∇⋅B = 0
∇×B = µ0 J + ε0∂E∂t
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
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Equazioni di Maxwell forma locale
∇⋅E = ρε0
∇×E = − ∂B∂t
∇⋅B = 0
∇×B = µ0 J + ε0∂E∂t
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
c = 1ε0µ0
per il vuotoc = 300.000 km / sec
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Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824-1887
1824 – 17 October 1887
c = 1ε0µ0
per il vuotoc = 300.000 km / sec
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Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824-1887
1824 – 17 October 1887
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Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824-1887
1824 – 17 October 1887
... very nearly equal to the velocity of light in
vacuum.
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La relatività ristretta
Albert Einstein!1879 - 1955
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La relatività ristretta
Albert Einstein!1879 - 1955
"... most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton.”
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Le azioni a distanza
Attrazione e repulsione tra le cariche elettriche, ma anche tra magneti
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Le azioni a distanza
Attrazione e repulsione tra le cariche elettriche, ma anche tra magneti
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Le azioni a distanza
Attrazione e repulsione tra le cariche elettriche, ma anche tra magneti
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Il telone di Helmholtz
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Il telone di Helmholtz
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Il telone di Helmholtz
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Il telone di Helmholtz
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Il telone di Helmholtz
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Il telone di Helmholtz
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Il telone di Helmholtz
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Il telone di Helmholtz
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La deformazione del “ mezzo”
Il telone di Helmholtz
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La deformazione del “ mezzo”
Il telone di Helmholtz
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L’etere luminifero
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Come vivevano
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Come vivevano
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Come vivevano
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Come vivevano
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Come vivevano
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Come vivevano
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Come vivevano
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Il problema dell’etere
Wilhelm Weber 1804 -1891
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Le linee di forzaMichael Faraday
1791 -1867
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Le linee di forzaMichael Faraday
1791 -1867
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Il mezzo tramite delle azioni
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Il mezzo tramite delle azioni
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Il mezzo tramite delle azioni
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Il mezzo tramite delle azioni
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I vortici
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Il modello meccanico
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Il modello meccanico
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Le particelle
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Free wheel
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Free wheel
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le correnti
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le correnti
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L’induzione
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Glenlair ... ieri
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Glenlair... oggi
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Glenlair... oggi
I believe there is a department of the mind conducted independently of consciousness, where things are fermented and decocted, so that when they are run off they come clear.
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Glenlair... oggi
Credo che vi sia una zona del cervello che opera in modo indipendente dalla coscienza, dove le cose vengono fermentate e decotte così che quando vengono fuori esse sembrano già chiare.
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Nei materiali isolanti
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Nei materiali isolanti
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Nei materiali isolanti
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Elasticità...ma allora: onde!
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Elasticità...ma allora: onde!
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Elasticità...ma allora: onde!
Fizeau: 193,118 miglia al secondo
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Elasticità...ma allora: onde!
Fizeau: 193,118 miglia al secondoMaxwell: 193,088 miglia al secondo
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... e la luce fu!
"We can scarcely avoid the conclusion that light consists in the transverse undulations of the same medium which is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena."
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... e la luce fu!
“È difficile non concludere che la luce consiste in una ondulazione trasversale dello stesso mezzo che è causa dei fenomeni elettrici e magnetici"
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E il modello meccanico?La coincidenza tra la velocità della luce misurata e la tua velocità calcolata delle onde trasversali nel tuo mezzo, sembra un brillante risultato. Ma debbo dire che ci vorranno diversi risultati di questo tipo prima che tu riesca a convincere la gente a pensare che ogni volta che si produce una corrente elettrica, una piccola file di particelle viene schiacciata tra file di ruote C. J. Monro, ottobre 1961
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Ma l’etere c’è!The theory I propose may therefore be called a theory of the Electromagnetic Field, because it has to do with the space in the neighbourhood of the electric or magnetic bodies, and it may be called Dynamical Theory, because it assumes that in that space there is matter in motion, by which the observed electromagnetic phenomena are produced.
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Ma l’etere c’è!La teoria che io propongo può perciò essere detta una teoria del Campo Elettromagnetico, perché ha a che fare con lo spazio in prossimità dei corpi elettrici e magnetici, e può essere detta anche una Teoria Dinamica, perché assume che in questo spazio ci sia della materia in movimento, a causa della quale sono appunto prodotti i fenomeni elettrici osservati.
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Ma ora le sue proprietà...At the commencement of this paper we made use of the optical hypothesis of an elastic medium through which the vibrations of light are propagated, in order to show that we have warrantable...$We then examined electromagnetic phenomena, seeking for their explanation in the properties of the field which surrounds the electrified or magnetic bodies. In this way we arrived at certain equations expressing certain properties of the electromagnetic field.
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Ma ora le sue proprietà...
All ’inizio di questo articolo abbiamo fatto l ’ipotesi ottica di un mezzo elastico attraverso il quale le vibrazioni luminose potevano propagarsi...$Poi abbiamo esaminato i fenomeni elettromagnetici cercando la loro spiegazione nelle proprietà del campo che circonda i corpi elettrici e magnetici. In questo modo siamo arrivati a certe equazioni che esprimono le proprietà del campo elettromagnetico.
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Sono quelle che si deducono dal modello
We now proceed to investigate whether these properties of that which constitutes the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d , d e d u c e d f r o m electromagnetic phenomena alone, are sufficient to explain the propagation of light through the same substance.
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Sono quelle che si deducono dal modello
Ora noi procediamo a investigare se queste p r o p r i e t à c h e c o s t i t u i s c o n o i l c a m p o elettromagnetico, dedotte esclusivamente dai fenomeni elettromagnetici, sono sufficienti a spiegare la propagazione della luce attraverso la stessa sostanza.
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Un momento cruciale
La scienza non si occupa del reale direttamente, ma solo di modelli del reale.
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La resa... con condizioni.
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Il modello si libera dai vincoli
Freeman Dyson
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La Scienza si allontana dalla gente
L’umanità non ha futuro senza Scienza, ma la Scienza tende ad allontanarsi dalla gente. !
A questo punto si aprono infiniti scenari non del tutto positivi.
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Le parole di HeavisideUna parte di noi vive dopo di noi, diffusa in tutta l’umanità - più o meno - e in tutta la natura. Questa è l ’immortalità dell ’anima. Ci sono anime grandi ed anime piccole... Quelle di Shakespeare o di Newton erano stupendamente grandi. Uomini di tale statura vivono la maggior parte della loro vita dopo la morte. Maxwell è uno di questi uomini. La sua anima vivrà e si espanderà ancora per molto tempo, e ci illuminerà ancora per centinaia di anni come una delle stelle luminose del passato, la cui luce mette centinaia d ’anni a raggiungerci
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Alcuni insegnamenti di questa bella storia
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Alcuni insegnamenti di questa bella storia
La Scienza si occupa di modelli del reale.
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Alcuni insegnamenti di questa bella storia
La Scienza si occupa di modelli del reale.
La costruzione del modello!
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Alcuni insegnamenti di questa bella storia
La Scienza si occupa di modelli del reale.
La costruzione del modello!
C’è un problema di comunicazione
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Alcuni insegnamenti di questa bella storia
La Scienza si occupa di modelli del reale.
La costruzione del modello!
C’è un problema di comunicazione
La falsificazione del modello dominante.
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And God said
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And God said
And God said
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And God said
And God said
E ⋅dS = Qv
ε0S!∫∫
E ⋅dlγ"∫ = −
∂B∂t
⋅dSγSγ∫∫B ⋅dS
S!∫∫ = 0
B ⋅dlγ"∫ = µ0J + ε0
∂E∂t
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟Sγ∫∫ ⋅dSγ
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And God said
And God said
and there was!light
E ⋅dS = Qv
ε0S!∫∫
E ⋅dlγ"∫ = −
∂B∂t
⋅dSγSγ∫∫B ⋅dS
S!∫∫ = 0
B ⋅dlγ"∫ = µ0J + ε0
∂E∂t
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟Sγ∫∫ ⋅dSγ
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La luce
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James Clerk Maxwell
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FINE
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Charles Sanders Pierce 1839 - 1914
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Charles Sanders Pierce 1839 - 1914
Deduzione: regola-caso-risultato
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Charles Sanders Pierce 1839 - 1914
Deduzione: regola-caso-risultato
Induzione: caso-risultato-regola:
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Charles Sanders Pierce 1839 - 1914
Deduzione: regola-caso-risultato
Induzione: caso-risultato-regola:
Abduzione: reagola-risultato-caso