d.bruciafreddo idrologia
TRANSCRIPT
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www.ibhcemruabgdrhiie.ael
Gky quhstbek iek't jhsbtgth te aektgat lh! Hkney rhgibkc!
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_gcbkg 1/1 - Aurrbau`ul vbtgh ibAeckelh/b Kelh/b
_hr lgccberb bkderlgzbekb su Hurepgss> jttp>//hurepgss.ahihdep.hurepg.hu Xkbekh hurephg, =??=-=?7? =9?:=?7?
@bvh``e hurephe (*) Gsae`te @htturg Bkthrgzbekh erg`h _reiuzbekh erg`h
Bkc`hsh M= @bvh``e bkthrlhibe A7 @bvh``e Gvgkzgte M= @bvh``e bkthrlhibe M= @bvh``e bkthrlhibe A7 @bvh``e gvgkzgte
Drgkahsh G= @bvh``eH`hlhktgrh
M7 @bvh``e Bkthrlhibe G=@bvh``e
H`hlhktgrhG=
@bvh``eh`hlhktgrh
G= @bvh``e h`hlhktgrh
(*) Wugire aelukh hurephe ib rbdhrblhkte phr `h `bkcuh
Agpgabt h aelphthkzh seabg`b - Qeke pgrtbae`grlhkth prhibspeste g `gvergrh bk thgl ahragkie shlprh ib aelprhkihrh h ib rbse`vhrh bprem`hlb g` lhc`be g` dbkh ib etthkhrh b rbsu`tgtb prhvbstb.- Qeke ietgte ib uk derth shkse ib ve`ekt h ib agpgabt ib prem`hl se`vbkc gkajh kh``h sbtugzbekb pbibkglbajh.-Qeke ietgte ib uk ettble spbrbte ib gigttglhkte gkajh kh``h sbtugzbekb pb aelp`hssh h seke pbhkglhkthibspekbmb`h g trgsdhrth bk tutte b` lekie.-Muekg agpgabt ib aelukbagzbekh h letbvgzbekh etthkutg crgzbh g ukglpbg hsphrbhkzg ib blpgrtbzbekhib `hzbekb prbvgth g uk muek kulhre ib stuihktb ukbvhrsbtgrb ( gi eccb abrag 4? )
Agpgabt h aelphthkzhercgkbzzgtbvh
Chstbekh ib prechttb h cruppb ib `gvere
Agpgabt h aelphthkzh thakbajh Bkchckhrh strutturbstg aek agpgabt prechttgzbekh ib strutturh kek trgibzbekg`b h aelp`hssh.
Agpgabt h aelphthkzhbkderlgtbajh
Qb h`hkagke `h prbkabpg`b aelphthkzh sphabg`bstbajh bk gccbuktg g``h aelphthkzh mgsh ib utb`bzze ih`aelputhr>Ettblg aekesahkzg Hxah`+TMGEttblg Aekesahkzg precrgllg phr Leih``gzbekh DHL QY]GXQ3Ettblg Aekesahkzg _recrgllg phr Leih``gzbekh Dhl LBIGQ CHKEttblg Aekesahkzg _recrgllg _hr Leih``gzbekh DHL QG_=??Agpgabt ib utb`bzze h gpprhkiblhkte bk thlpb rgpbib ib tuttb b precrgllb ib leih``gzbekh DHLEttblg aekesahkzg ihb `bkcugccb ib precrgllgzbekh TMG, A++Ettblg aekesahkzg ih` precrgllg ib Ag`ae`e LGY@GMEttblg aekesahkzg ih` pgaajhtte EDDBAHEttblg aekesahkzg ib GXYEAGI
G`trh agpgabt h aelphthkzh ]ukkhr glgterbg`h aek pgrthabpgzbekh g hvhktb , kuete6
_gthkth G, M
X`thrberb bkderlgzbekb ]hdhrhkzh h Aurrbau`ul Tbtgh ihttgc`bgte su rbajbhstg
Guterbzze b` trgttglhkte ihb lbhb igtb phrsekg`b gb shksb ih` Iharhte @hcbs`gtbve 1? cbucke =??1, k. 724"Aeibah bk lgthrbg ib prethzbekh ihb igtb phrsekg`b". (dgae`tgtbve, v. bstruzbekb)
Dbrlg
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B
BKIBAH
_rhdgzbekh.............................................................................................................................BBB
Agpbte`e 7 B@ MGABKE BI]EC]GDBAE
7.7. Ihdbkbzbekh ib mgabke birecrgdbae................................................................................7
7.=. Ih`blbtgzbekh ih` mgabke birecrgdbae..........................................................................=
7.1. Gkg`bsb ih` rb`hvglhkte agrtecrgdbae..........................................................................1
7.9. Qve`cblhkte hshrabtgzbekh 7.......................................................................................4
7.9.7. Ih`blbtgzbekh h bkibvbiugzbekh ih` mgabke...................................................4
7.9.=. Ag`ae`e ih``h crgkihzzh p`gkblhtrbajh..........................................................2
7.9.1. Ag`ae`e ihc`b bkibab ib derlg........................................................................77
7.9.9. Ag`ae`e ihb pgrglhtrb ib rb`bhve...................................................................78
7.9.8. Ag`ae`e ihb pgrglhtrb agrgtthrbstbab ih``g phkihkzg..................................==
7.9.4. Ag`ae`e ihb pgrglhtrb Abkhlgtbag...............................................................=8
7.8. Chrgrajbzzgzbekh ih` mgabke.....................................................................................=3
Agpbte`e = @H _]HAB_BYG^BEKB
=.7. Bktreiuzbekh............................................................................................................1=
=.=. Chkhsb h derlgzbekh ih``h prhabpbtgzbekb...............................................................1=
=.1. Lbsurg ih``h prhabpbtgzbekb.....................................................................................11
=.1.7. B` p`uvbelhtre...............................................................................................11
=.1.=. B` p`uvbecrgde................................................................................................18
=.1.1. B` kbvelhtre..................................................................................................14
=.9. Blpbhce ihb igtb p`uvbelhtrbab...............................................................................13
=.9.7. Gkkg`b bihe`ecbab...........................................................................................13
=.9.=. Gkg`bsb stgtbstbag...........................................................................................1:
=.8. Qve`cblhkte hshrabtgzbekh =...................................................................................12
=.8.7. Lhteie ihb lelhktb.....................................................................................91
=.8.=. Thrbdbag ih` thst ib _hgrsek..........................................................................99
=.8.1. Ag`ae`e ib pertgth h rbsajbe trglbth `g `hcch ib Culmh`.............................93
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BB
Agpbte`e 1 @G IBQY]BMX^BEKH Q_G^BG@H IH@@H _BECCH
1.7. Ibstrbmuzbekh spgzbg`h ih``h pbecch.......................................................................871.=. Gdd`usse lhtherbae> ihdbkbzbekh h ag`ae`e................................................................87
1.=.7. Lhteie ih``h bsebhth......................................................................................8=
1.=.=. Lhteie ihb tepebhtb.......................................................................................81
1.1. Aurvh ib pessbmb`bt p`uvbelhtrbag (A__)..............................................................81
1.9. Qve`cblhkte hshrabtgzbekh 1...................................................................................88
1.9.7. Aestruzbekh ih` agrtecrgllg ib Culmh`...................................................8:
1.9.=. Aestruzbekh ih``h aurvh ib pessbmb`bt p`uvbelhtrbag.................................4?
Agpbte`e 9 _E]YGYG IB _]ECHYYE
9.7. _beccbg ib prechtte..................................................................................................4:
9.=. _beccbg ib prechtte gi bkthksbt aestgkth.............................................................4:
9.1. _beccbg ib prechtte gi bkthksbt vgrbgmb`h.............................................................42
9.9. _beccbg lgssblg premgmb`h....................................................................................3?
9.9.7. Lhteie dbsbae.................................................................................................3?
9.9.7.7. Bkibvbiugzbekh ih` crgie ib ulbibt................................................3?
9.9.7.=. Lgssblbzzgzbekh ih` crgie ib ulbibt.............................................37
9.9.7.1. Lgssblbzzgzbekh ihb dhkelhkb ib aekvhrchkzg h se``hvglhkte......3=
9.9.=. Lhteie stgtbstbae..........................................................................................31
9.8. _beccbg khttg..........................................................................................................31
9.8.7. Lhteie ih` AX]TH KXLMH].................................................................39
9.4. _ertgtg lgssblg ib pbhkg......................................................................................39
9.4.7. Lhteie ibrhtte..............................................................................................38
9.4.=. Lhteie rgzbekg`h..........................................................................................3:
9.4.1. Lhteie abkhlgtbae e ih``g aerrbvgzbekh......................................................3:
9.3. Qve`cblhkte ih``g hshrabtgzbekh 9.........................................................................:?
9.3.7. Bstecrgllg ib Ajbagce................................................................................:=
9.3.=. Ag`ae`e ih``h phribth bireche`ecbajh............................................................:9
9.3.1. Birecrgllg ib pbhkg...................................................................................27
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BBB
_]HDG^BEKH
@ bire`ecbg, kh``g sug gaahzbekh pb chkhrg`h, prhkih bk aeksbihrgzbekh `h thlgtbajhrbcugrigktb `h gaquh prhshktb kh` sbsthlg-Yhrrg bk qug`ukquh dgsh, sbg hssg se`big,
`bqubig e cgssesg.
Wuhstg gkg`bsb chkhrg`bzzgtg sb aekarhtbzzg bk vgrbh mrgkajh sphabdbajh qug`b>
-Birelhthrhe`ecbg> stuibe ih``g abrae`gzbekh ih``gaqug kh``gtlesdhrg.
-C`gabe`ecbg> gkg`bsb ihb cjbgaabgb h ih``h khvb.
-Birecrgdbg > stuibe ih``h gaquh suphrdbabg`b bkthsh aelh `gcjb (`blke`ecbg) e dbulb
(petgle`ecbg).-Bireche`ecbg> gkg`bsb ih` d`usse igaqug setthrrgkhe.
B` shcuhkth `gvere sb ae``eag bk ukg grhg gkaer pb sphabdbag ih` shtterh bire`ecbae,
evvhre `bire`ecbg thakbag, `g aub dbkg`bt quh``g ib cbukchrh g``gpp`bagzbekh ihb
leih``b prechttgtb ig``h ukbvhrsbt g shcubte ih``gkg`bsb ihb igtb h ih``g lbsurg ih``g
crgkihzzg bire`ecbag chstbtg ig``e Qtgte.
B` `gvere aeksbsth kh``g aekarhtg gpp`bagzbekh ihb aekahttb prhshktgtb h trgttgtb iurgkth b`
aerse ib Bire`ecbgsve`te kh``gkke gaagihlbae =??8/=??4 prhsse `Xkbvhrsbt ihc`b
Qtuib Lhibthrrgkhg ib ]hccbe Ag`gmrbg - Dgae`t iBkchckhrbg.
B` suiihtte aerse, aekiette ig` pred. bkc. Cbushpph Mgrmgre bkthkih derkbrh gc`b
g``bhvb b lhzzb phr `e stuibe ih``h prem`hlgtbajh ib ibdhsg ig``h gaquh h `g chstbekh ih``h
rbsersh birbajh ih` thrrbterbe.
B` shcuhkth thste sb aelpekh ib qugttre hshrabtgzbekb su``g ihdbkbzbekh h b` ag`ae`e ihb
igtb agrgtthrbzzgktb uk mgabke birecrgdbae h `h h`gmergzbekb stgtbstbajh ib igtb
p`uvbelhtrbab rbagvgtb gttrgvhrse derlu`h sphrblhktg`b h vg`erb tgmh``gtb.
_ebaj quhste `gvere stgte rhg`bzzgte bkthrglhkth bk shih ukbvhrsbtgrbg sb rbthkute
eppertuke gkthperrh gi eckb hshrabtgzbekh ukg sellgrbg trgttgzbekh therbag ih``h
prem`hlgtbajh gddrektgth phr dgab`btgrkh `g aelprhksbekh.
Kh` preahihrh sb rbthkute eppertuke utb`bzzgrh prbkabpg`lhkth iuh gpp`bagtbvb
sedtwgrh, Guteagi =??9 hi Hxah`, bk leie ig vh`eabzzgrh h rhkihrh pb prhabsb b ag`ae`b.
Bk pgrtbae`grh kh``ercgkbzzgzbekh ihb dec`b ib `gvere hxah` sb ephrgte bk leie ig
phrlhtthrh `g rbutb`bzzgmb`bt ihc`b sthssb. Yutte b` lgthrbg`h sb trevg aelukquh kh` ai
g``hcgte g quhste `gvere.
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7B` mgabke birecrgdbae
7.7 Ihdbkbzbekh ib mgabke birecrgdbae
_hr ukg dbssgtg shzbekh trgsvhrsg`h ib uk aerse igaqug, sb ihdbkbsah mgabke
birecrgdbae, `hktbt checrgdbag aestbtubtg ig``g prebhzbekh su uk pbgke erbzzektg`h
ih``g suphrdbabh sae`gkth setthsg g``g suiihttg shzbekh. Kh` `bkcugccbe thakbae tg`h
aerrbspekihkzg sb hsprblh gddhrlgkie ajh `g shzbekh setthkih b` mgabke, lhktrh b`
mgabke setthse ig``g shzbekh. Bk g`trb thrlbkb b` mgabke birecrgdbae pu hsshrh
ihdbkbte aelh `ukbt dbsbecrgdbag, g aub sb dg rbdhrblhkte kh``g prechttgzbekh, ajh
rgaaec`bh b ihd`ussb suphrdbabg`b, erbcbkgtb ig``h prhabpbtgzbekb lhtherbajh ajh sb
gmmgtteke su` mgabke sthsse, khb aersb igaqug prbkabpg`b h khb sueb ibvhrsb gdd`uhktb h `b
aekvec`bg kh``g shzbekh ib ajbusurg. Wuhstu`tblg ihttg gkajh shzbekh thrlbkg`h,
aestbtubsah uk igte dekiglhktg`h phr `g ihdbkbzbekh ih` mgabke bk thrlbkb ib hsthksbekh
grhg`h hi gkajh b` pukte arbtbae kh``g prechttgzbekh ib qug`sbgsb ephrg bkchckhrbstbag
pebajh bk hsse vbhkh aekvec`bgtg `g pertgtg lgssblg e pertgtg ib pbhkg.
Qh `g shzbekh ib ajbusurg aebkabih aek `g deah ih` dbulh b` mgabke ihtte prbkabpg`h
g`trblhktb hsse prhkih gttrbmute ib shaekigrbe.
G``bkthrke ih` mgabke ibstbkcubgle trg rhth birecrgdbag(e rhtbae`e d`uvbg`h) h
vhrsgktb. @g rhth birecrgdbag (e rhtbae`e) b` aelp`hsse ib ae``htterb d`uvbg`b, e agkg`b,
ajh rgaae`ceke b ihd`ussb birbab suphrdbabg`b h `b aekvec`bgke dbke g``g shzbekh ib ajbusurg.
Aek `g ibzbekh vhrsgktb e phkibab, sb ihkelbkgke bkvhah tutth `h suphrdbab `gthrg`b gb
rglb ih``g rhth.
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= Hshrabtgzbekh 7
@hsthksbekh ib uk mgabke birecrgdbae sb ihthrlbkg utb`bzzgkie `g agrtecrgdbguddbabg`h ih` Bstbtute Checrgdbae Lb`btgrh Btg`bgke bk sag`g 7>=8??? (Ygve`htth),
7>8???? (Wugirgktb), 7>7?????? (Dec`b), bk rh`gzbekh g``g iblhksbekh ih` mgabke bk
hsglh h g``gppressblgzbekh khahssgrbg phr `e stuibe ajh sb stg aelpbhkie. Bk
g`aukb agsb, qugkie b` mgabke jg ukg iblhksbekh aekthkutg (bkdhrberh g 7? Fl=) e
qugkie eaaerrh bkibvbiugrh aek lgccberh prhabsbekh `h `bkhh ib blp`uvbe,
khahssgrbe dgr rbaerse g ukg agrtecrgdbg ib ihttgc`be etthkutg lhibgkth b` rb`bhve
ghrhedetecrgllhtrbae.
Tg sette`bkhgte aelh quhstg sah`tg prh`blbkgrh aekibzbekb bk lgkbhrg rb`hvgkth b
rbsu`tgtb ih``bkigcbkh lerdelhtrbag ih` mgabke sthsse, bk qugkte, tgkte pb rbiettg
`g sag`gturg ih``g pbgktg, tgkte pb prhabsg sgr `bkibvbiugzbekh ib pgrtbae`grb,
qug`b `g prhshkzg ib pbaae`b h lhib aersb igaqug, ajh gkirgkke g leibdbagrh `g
lgccber pgrth ihb rbsu`tgtb etthkutb gpp`bagkie b leih``b lgthlgtbab.
7.=. Ih`blbtgzbekh ih` mgabke birecrgdbae
_ukte ib pgrthkzg phr `gkg`bsb bire`ecbag , phr qugkte ihtte, `g ih`blbtgzbekh ih`
mgabke birecrgdbae su` supperte agrtecrgdbae prhsah`te aekiettg aeksbihrgkie g`aukb
puktb h `bkhh agrgtthrbstbab.
Bkkgkzbtutte, ibstbkcubgle `e spgrtbgaquh suphrdbabg`h ihtte gkajh `bkhg ib
ibsp`uvbe, ajh rgpprhshktg b` phrblhtre ih` mgabke, ih`blbtgkth `g suphrdbabh
g``bkthrke ih``g qug`h sb gmmgtteke `h prhabpbtgzbekb, `h qug`b trevgke rhagpbteu`tble kh``g rhth birecrgdbag bk hsglh.
_hr bkibvbiugrh `e spgrtbgaquh ab gppeccbgle g ihb puktb pgrtbae`grb, aelh b` pukte
ib vhttg, abe b` pukte ib quetg lgssblg, b puktb sh``g, abe quh``b aelprhsb trg iuh
rb`bhvb gibgahktb h b` pukte ib aekag, abe quh``e pb mgsse ajh aebkabih aek `g
shzbekh ib ajbusurg.
Kh``g prgtbag, b` trgaabglhkte ih``g `bkhg ib ibsp`uvbe sb aekiuah pgssgkie phr b
puktb g quetg pb h`hvgtg, shkzg tgc`bgrh c`b h`hlhktb ihb rhtbae`b birecrgdbab
rh`gtbvb gb aersb igaqug `blbtredb h bkthrshagkie `b bsebpsh ih` supperte agrtecrgdbae
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae 1
shlprh g 2?.
7.1. Gkg`bsb ih` rb`hvglhkte tepecrgdbae
@gkg`bsb ih` rb`hvglhkte tepecrgdbae, suaahssbvg g` trgttglhkte ih``e spgrtbgaquh h
qubkib g``g ih`blbtgzbekh ih` mgabke, aeksbsth bk ukg h`gmergzbekh ihb igtb rbagvgtb
ig``g tepecrgdbg gttg g derkbrh, g lhke ib hrrerb ib esshrvgzbekh, trglbth dukzbekb
gkg`btbajh, aek prhabsbekh h aekabsbekh bkibagzbekb bllhibgth ih``h derlh ih``g
suphrdbabh. Wuhstg gkg`bsb blpertgkth bk qugkte sb iblestrgte pessbmb`h lhtthrh bk
rh`gzbekh b rbsu`tgtb ih``h suiihtth dukzbekb aek b preahssb bire`ecbab g sag`g ib mgabke. B
leih``b bire`ecbab ib tbpe chelerde`ecbae sb dekigke preprbe su``g pessbmb`bt ib
rbaestrubrh `g rbspestg bire`ecbag ib uk mgabke (derlgzbekh ib ihd`ussb), g shcubte ib ukg
prhabpbtgzbekh ajh sb gmmgtth su ib hsse, su``g mgsh ih` `hcglh ajh bkthraerrh trg `g
suiihttg rbspestg h b agrgtthrb chelerde`ecbab ih` mgabke. Bk g`trb thrlbkb `habte
rbthkhrh ajh b` rhtbae`e birecrgdbae rgpprhshktg `blprektg `gsabgtg su``g suphrdbabh
thrrhstrh ig ukg suaahssbekh ib hvhktb ib ihd`usse, sbaaj, bk uk gsshckgte mgabke, b`lhaagkbsle ib ihd`usse pu hsshrh rbaekiette g``g strutturg lerdelhtrbag ih` rhtbae`e.
Wubkib sumeribkgtglhkth g` trgaabglhkte ih``e spgrtbgaquh suphrdbabg`h sb pu
hddhttugrh b` ag`ae`e ih``h crgkihzzh p`gkblhtrbajh dekiglhktg`b, qug`b `grhg, b`
phrblhtre h `g `ukcjhzzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h, ajh aestbtubsaeke g `ere ve`tg `g mgsh phr
`g aesbiihttg lerdelhtrbg, abe `gkg`bsb ihb pgrglhtrb ib derlg ih` mgabke bk
hsglh>
-]gpperte ib abrae`grbt6
-]gpperte ib ukbderlbt6
-]gpperte ib g``ukcglhkte6
-]gpperte ib derlg6
-Ihksbt ib irhkgccbe.
G`trb dgtterb rb`hvgktb ajh agrgtthrbzzgke uk mgabke birecrgdbae seke>
_grglhtrb ib rb`bhve
-Ibs`bvh``e.
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9 Hshrabtgzbekh 7
-Aurvg bpsecrgdbag.
-G`thzzg lhibg.
-G`thzzg lhibgkg.
_grglhtrb agrgtthrbstbab ih``g phkihkzg
-_hkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke.
-_hkihkzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h.
-_hraerse lhibe ib rusah``glhkte.
-Yhlpe ib aerrbvgzbekh ih` mgabke.
Yuttb quhstb pgrglhtrb seke derthlhkth aekkhssb `uke aek `g`tre ig uk rgpperte ib
ihrbvgzbekh(kek kh``gaahzbekh lgthlgtbag ih` thrlbkh).
@g ihsarbzbekh ib uk mgabke birecrgdbae sb aelp`htg aek `g chrgrajbzzgzbekh, shaekie
`h `hccb ib Jertek-Qtrgjh`hr, aub aekshcuh b` ag`ae`e ih` ]gpperte ib mbderagzbekh
lhibe.
Bkdbkh `hsgtthzzg ihb pgrglhtrb rbagvgtb gttrgvhrse `utb`bzze ib igtb tgmh``gtb h derlu`h
sphrblhktg`b pu hsshrh dgab`lhkth vhrbdbagtg gttrgvhrse `h rhce`h ib Jertek>
-rhce`g ih` kulhre ihb aersb igaqug6
-rhce`g ih``g `ukcjhzzg lhibg ihb aersb igaqug6
-rhce`g ih` rgpperte ih``h grhh.
_hr ajbgrhzzg kh``g dbcurg 7.7 h rbpertgte uk ibgcrgllg ajh rgpprhshktgtbve
ih``g`cerbtle ig shcubrh kh``gkg`bsb ib ukg zekg ib bkthrhssh bire`ecbae.
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Agrte
crgdbg
Bkibvbiugzbekh ih`
mgabke birecrgdbae>-rhtbae`e birecrgdbae
-shzbekh ib ajbusurg-s grt bga uh
_grglhtrb ib derlg>-rgpperte ib abrae`grbt
-rgpperte ib ukbderlbt
-rg erte ib g ` uk glhkte
_grglhtrb ih` rb`bhve-Aurvg bpsecrgdbag
-Aurvg bpselhtrbag
-g`tbtuibkh lhibg
_grglhtrb agrgtthrbstbab ih``g phkihkzg-phkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke
-phkihkzg lhibg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h
Chrgajbzzgzbekh ihb aersb igaqug-rhce`h ib Jertek-Qtrgj`hr
-bkibvbiugzbekh ih` kulhre ib a`gssb
Thrbdbag ih``h trh rhce`h ib Jertek
B` mgabke birecrgdbae8
Dbcurg 7.7Qajhlg sbckbdbagtbve ih``gkg`bsb bire`ecbag.
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4 Hshrabtgzbekh 7
7.9. Qve`cblhkte ih``hshrabtgzbekh 7
Aekiuabgle `g kestrg gkg`bsb bire`ecbag kh``g zekg ib _g`bzzb (]hccbe Ag`gmrbg),
aeksbihrgkie aelh pukte arbtbae, evvhre shzbekh ib ajbusurg `g deah ih` dbulh Qbllhre.
Qb trgttg, qubkib, ib uk mgabke prbkabpg`h. Ab gvvg`bgle ih``g agrtecrgdbg ih``bstbtute
B.C.L bk sag`g 7>7???? rbpertgtg bk dbcurg 7.= .
Dbcurg7.= > agrtecrgdbg aek `g shzbekh ib ajbusurg hvbihkzbgtg.
Blpestbgle g kestrg gkg`bsb gttrgvhrse b` phraerse ecbae prhahihkthlhkth ihsarbtte.
7.9.7. Ih`blbtgzbekh h bkibvbiugzbekh ih` mgabke
Gvvg`hkieab ih``use ih``gpp`bagtbve GXYEAGI, bkibvbiubgle tuttb b aersb igaqug
prhshktb kh``grhg bk hsglh aelh rbpertgte bk dbcurg7.1. Kh` trgaabgrh b` rhtbae`e
birecrgdbae sb rbthkute eppertuke aeksbihrgrh gkajh b` aektrbmute igte ig quhb aersb
igaqug suphrdbabg`b ajh seke prhshktb se`glhkth bk g`aukb phrbeib ih``gkke,
lhtthkieab kh``g sbtugzbekh pb crgvesg h settrghkieab, aes, ig` rbsajbe ib ukg
pessbmb`h settestblg ih` ihd`usse birecrgdbae.
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae3
Dbcurg 7.1(g)> rhtbae`e birecrgdbae
Dbcurg 7.1> rhtbae`e birecrgdbae
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: Hshrabtgzbekh 7
B` pgsse suaahssbve `g ihthrlbkgzbekh ih``e spgrtbgaquh suphrdbabg`h gttrgvhrse `g
lhteie`ecbg prhahihkthlhkth hspestg h ajbgrglhkth rbpertgtg bk dbcurg 7.9.
`bkibvbiugzbekh ih` kestre ecchtte ib stuibe stgtg aelp`htgtg.
Dbcurg 7.9> spgrtbgaquh suphrdbabg`h
.
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae2
7.9.=. Ag`ae`e ih``h crgkihzzh p`gkblhtrbajh
Gvhkie abraesarbtte `grhg ib bkthrhssh, preahibgle g` ag`ae`e ih``h crgkihzzh
p`gkblhtrbajh ih` mgabke, ajh seke >
-Quphrdbabh6
-_hrblhtre6
-@ukcjhzzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h.
Quphrdbabh
@g Quphrdbabh aestbtubsah `grhg ih``g prebhzbekh su uk pbgke erbzzektg`h ih` mgabke
sthsse, evvhre grhg aekthkutg g``bkthrke ih``e spgrtbgaquh suphrdbabg`h.
_hr ihthrlbkgr`g pgrtbgle ig` vg`erh rbagvgte gttrgvhrse b` AGI, ibrhttglhkth su
agrtg tepecrgdbag (7>7????) h giephrbgle eppertukb dgtterb aerrhttbvb, tg`b ig
cbukchrh g` vg`erh rhg`h ih``g suphrdbabh, sdruttgkie `g shcuhkth derlu`g>
G < (7/da)**r
ievh G < Quphrdbabh rhg`h (Fl=)6
< Tg`erh lbsurgte su``g agrtg 7> 7???? (al=)6
da< dgtterh aerrhttbve ih``ukbt ib lbsurg6
r < dgtterh ib aekvhrsbekh ih``g sag`g.
Qestbtubgle g``g derlu`g b igtb rh`gtbvb g` mgabke>
< 918,3= al=6
da < 7?7?6
r < 7?9.
@g suphrdbabh rbsu`tg hsshrh >
G < 9,14 Fl=
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7? Hshrabtgzbekh 7
_hrblhtre
B` phrblhtre rgpprhshktg `g `ukcjhzzg ih` aekterke g` mgabke, e lhc`be ih``e
spgrtbgaquh suphrdbabg`h. _hr ihthrlbkgr`g pgrtbgle ig` vg`erh rbagvgte gttrgvhrse b`
AGI ibrhttglhkth su agrtg tepecrgdbag (7>7????) h giephrbgle eppertukb dgtterb
aerrhttbvb, tg`b ig cbukchrh g` vg`erh rhg`h trglbth `g shcuhkth derlu`g >
_ < (7/da)*p*r
ievh _ < phrblhtre rhg`h (Fl)6
p < vg`erh lbsurgte su``g agrtg 7>7???? (al)6
da< dgtterh aerrhttbve ih``ukbt ib lbsurg6
r < dgtterh ib aekvhrsbekh ih``g sag`g.
Qestbtuhkie g``g derlu`g b igtb rh`gtbvb g` mgabke>
p < 29,89 al 6
da< 7?8 6
r < 7?9.
B` phrblhtre >
_ < 2,98 Fl
@ukcjhzzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h
Qb ihdbkbsah gstg prbkabpg`h, b` aerse igaqug pb `ukce rbktrgaabgmb`h kh` mgabke
pgrthkie ig``g shzbekh ib ajbusurg vhrse lekth shkzg bkvhrsbekh ib thkihkzg.
Dbcurg 7.8> gstg prbkabpg`h
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae77
B` ag`ae`e ih``g `ukcjhzzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h rbsu`tg hsshrh hstrhlglhkth sblb`h g
quh``e ih` phrblhtre, hsp`bagkiesb kh``g shcuhkth hsprhssbekh >
@g < (7/da)*`*r
ievh @g< `ukcjhzzg rhg`h (Fl)6
` < vg`erh lbsurgte su``g agrtg 7>7???? (al)6
da< dgtterh aerrhttbve ih``ukbt ib lbsurg6
r < dgtterh ib aekvhrsbekh ih``g sag`g.
B igtb rh`gtbvb g` mgabke seke>
` < 99,38 al 6
da< 7?8 6
r < 7?9 .
Qestbtuhkie kh``g derlu`g, sb rbagvg >
@g < 9,9: Fl
7.9.1. Ag`ae`e ihc`b bkibab ib derlg
Yg`b pgrglhtrb, prhsabkihkie igb igtb p`gkblhtrbab prhahihkthlhkth rbagvgtb,
ihthrlbkgke `g aesbiihttg Lerdelhtrbg (ihsarbzbekh ih``g derlg) ih` mgabke, derkhkie
gkajh ukblpertgkth vhrbdbag ihb ag`ae`b cb hddhttugtb.
]gpperte ib abrae`grbt
Qb ihdbkbsah aelh b` rgpperte trg `g suphrdbabh ih` mgabke h quh``g ib uk bpethtbae ahrajbe
gvhkth phrblhtre hqubvg`hkth g quh``e ih` mgabke sthsse, abe >
]a< 9 G / _=
B` rbsu`tgte ib tg`h rgpperte uk kulhre pure ]a.
_hr ]a 7 , `g derlg ih` mgabke gppressblgmb`h gi uk ahrajbe 6
_hr ]a0 7 , b` mgabke sb ibsaestg ib (7-]a)% ig ukg derlg abrae`grh .
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7= Hshrabtgzbekh 7
Kh` kestre agse >
G < 9.14 Fl=
_ < 2.98 Fl
B` rgpperte ib abrae`grbt ih` mgabke bk hsglh , qubkib >
]a< 9*1.79*9.14 / (2.98)=< ?,47
_essbgle aeka`uihrh ajh `g derlg ih` mgabke sb ibsaestg ih` 12% ig uk ahrajbe ib grhg
hqubvg`hkth.
]gpperte ib ukbderlbt
Qb ihdbkbsah aelh b` rgpperte trg b` phrblhtre ih` mgabke h `g `ukcjhzzg ih``g
abraekdhrhkzg ib suphrdbabh hqubvg`hkth.
]u< _ / =(*G)
Gkajh b` rbsu`tgte ib tg`h rgpperte uk kulhre pure ]u.
Kh` kestre agse >
G < 9.14 Fl=
_ < 2.98 Fl
B` rgpperte ib ukbderlbt ih` mgabke bk hsglh , qubkib >
]u< 2.98 / =(1.79*9.14) < 7.=:
B` sbckbdbagte ih` rgpperte ib ukbderlbt stg kh``g strhttg aekkhssbekh ajh `e `hcg g`
rgpperte ib abrae`grbt6 tg`h `hcglh hsprhsse ig``g derlu`g >
]u< 7 / ]a (7)
B` rgpperte ib ukbderlbt, qubkib, ab phrlhtth ib vhrbdbagrh `hsgtthzzg ihb ag`ae`b
prhahihktb.
Kh` agse ih` mgabke bk hsglh >
7 / ]a< 7 / ?.47 < 7.=: < ]u
@g rh`gzbekh (7) seiibsdgttg, ib aekshcuhkzg b vg`erb dbkerg rbagvgtb seke hsgttb.
]gpperte ib g``ukcglhkte
Qb ihdbkbsah aelh b` rgpperte trg `g suphrdbabh ih` mgabke h b` qugirgte ih``g `ukcjhzzg
ih``gstg prbkabpg`h >
]g< G / (@g)=
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae71
B` rbsu`tgte ib tg`h rgpperte uk kulhre pure ]g.
G vg`erb ig ]gpbutteste rbiettb, aerrbspekih uk mgabke le`te g``ukcgte 6
G vg`erb ib ]gh`hvgtb, aerrbspekih uk mgabke peae g``ukcgte .
Kh` kestre agse >
G < 9.14 Fl=6
@g < 9,9: Fl .
B` rgpperte ib g``ukcglhkte ih` mgabke bk hsglh , qubkib >
]g< 9.14 / (9.9:)=< ?.==
Aeka`uibgle ib hsshrh bk prhshkzg ib uk mgabke pbutteste g``ukcgte.
]gpperte ib derlg
]gpprhshktg ukg sbkthsb ihb igtb ag`ae`gtb dbkerg h sb ihdbkbsah aelh b` rgpperte trg b`
ibglhtre ib uk ahrajbe ib grhg hqubvg`hkth g quh``g ih` mgabke stuibgte h `g `ukcjhzzg
ih``gstg prbkabpg`h, abe >
]d< (=*G) / (@g* )
B` rbsu`tgte ib tg`h rgpperte uk kulhre pure ]d.
_hr ]d 7 , `g derlg ih` mgabke prhsseaj abrae`grh 6
_hr ]d 0 7 , `g derlg ih` mgabke tezzg h g` ukcgtg .
Kh` kestre agse >
G < 9.14 Fl=6
@g < 9,9: Fl .
B` rgpperte ib derlg ih` mgabke , qubkib >
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79 Hshrabtgzbekh 7
]d< (=*9.14) / (9.9:* 1.79) < ?.81
Qb trgttg ib uk mgabke ig``g derlg pbutteste tezzg h g``ukcgtg.
Ihksbt ib irhkgccbe
_hr uk gsshckgte mgabke birecrgdbae, sb ihdbkbsah ihksbt ib irhkgccbe b` rgpperte trg `g
`ukcjhzzg tetg`h ih` rhtbae`e birecrgdbae ( bka`usg `gstg prbkabpg`h ) h `g suphrdbabh ih`
mgabke sthsse, abe >
Ii< ( `r ) / Q
Aek
`r< sellg ihb aersb igaqug prhshktb, bka`usg `gstg prbkabpg`h 6
Q < suphrdbabh tetg`h ih` mgabke .
Kh` kestre agse > `r< 93.22Fl
Q < 9.14 Fl=
Wubkib `g ihksbt ib irhkgccbe ih` mgabke bk hsglh >
Ii< 93.22 Fl / 9.14 Fl=
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae78
Yg`b aeksbihrgzbekb ab phrlhtteke ib aeka`uihrh ajh b` mgabke gkg`bzzgte rbsu`tg
pbutteste blphrlhgmb`h h aek uk crgie ib aephrturg vhchtg`h rbiette.
7.9.9. Ag`ae`e ihb pgrglhtrb ib rb`bhve
Yg`b pgrglhtrb derkbsaeke `h bkderlgzbekb rbcugrigktb `h agrgtthrbstbajh
g`tblhtrbajh ih` mgabke bk hsglh, evvhre lhtteke bk rh`gzbekh `h bkderlgzbekb
grhg`b aek `h iblhksbekb vhrtbag`b preprbh ih` rb`bhve. Dekiglhktg`h phr b` ag`ae`e
ihb pgrglhtrb ib rb`bhve `g ihdbkbzbekh ih``h g`tbtuibkb prbkabpg`b, abe quh``g ih`
pukte pb g`te (Jlgx) h quh``g ih``g shzbekh ib ajbusurg (Jlbk), rbdhrbth g` `bvh``e
lhibe ih` lgrh.
Kh` mgabke bk hsglh b` pukte g quetg pb mgssg aebkabih aek `g shzbekh ib ajbusurg,
`g aub g`tbtuibkh rbsu`tg hsshrh >
Jlbk< ?l
_ebaj bkdgttb `gstg prbkabpg`h sb bllhtth ibrhttglhkth bk lgrh .
Bkvhah, b` pukte pb g`te sb trevg gi ukg quetg >
Jlgx < 92=l
Ibs`bvh``e ih` mgabke
Qb ihdbkbsah aelh `g ibddhrhkzg trg `g`tbtuibkh lgssblg (quh``g ih` pukte pb g`te)
h `g`tbtuibkh lbkblg, abe quh``g ih``g shzbekh ib ajbusurg >
iJ < Jlgx - Jlbk
Qestbtuhkie b vg`erb rh`gtbvb g` mgabke bk hsglh rbagvbgle >
J < 92= - ? < 92= l
Xkg ve`tg ihthrlbkgte b` ibs`bvh``e ih` mgabke, trgaabgle `h aurvh bselhtrbajh
khahssgrbh phr `g ihthrlbkgzbekh ihc`b g`trb pgrglhtrb ib rb`bhve.
Qb ihdbkbsaeke aurvh bselhtrbajh, e bsebpsh, `h aurvh aekcbukchktb tuttb b puktb gi
hcug`h quetg h rbktrgaabgmb`b ibrhttglhkth su` supperte agrtecrgdbae.
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74 Hshrabtgzbekh 7
Yuttgvbg phr b` ag`ae`e ihb pgrglhtrb ib rb`bhve ib uk mgabke ib iblhksbekh kek
le`te hsthsh rbsu`tgke hsshrh suddbabhktb ibhab bsebpsh, shpgrgth trg `ere ib uk pgsse
aestgkth.
_hr b` mgabke bk hsglh sahc`bgle uk pgsse pgrb g >
iJ < J / 7? < 92= / 7? < 92.= 8?
Yrgaabgle, qubkib, ibhab aurvh ib `bvh``e shpgrgth ib 8? l ukg ig``g`trg, aelh
lestrgte bk dbcurg 7.4 .
Dbcurg 7.4> aurvh bpselhtrbajh
Aurvg bpsecrgdbag
@g aurvg bpsecrgdbag derkbsah `g ibstrbmuzbekh ih``h suphrdbab kh``h ibvhrsh dgsah
g`tblhtrbajh hi bkdgttb, sb ihdbkbsah aelh `g aurvg ajh rbpertg bk eribkgtg `h queth h
bk gsabssg `h suphrdbab ib mgabke, ajh sb trevgke g` ib seprg ib hssh6 e gkajh aelh b`
`uece ihb puktb ih` tbpe >
_b< (Jb, Qb)
Aek
Jb < quetg ih``g bsebpsg prhsg bk aeksbihrgzbekh 6
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae73
Qb< Quphrdbabh g` ib seprg ih``g bsebpsg suiihttg .
_hr hshlpbe, kh` kestre agse, `g shzbekh ib ajbusurg G h b` pukte pb g`te W sgrgkke
rbphttbvglhkth >
G ( ? , 9.14 ) 6 W ( 92= , ? ) 6
]bpertbgle, phr b` mgabke bk hsglh, `h queth ih``h bsebpsh prhahihkthlhkth sah`th h
`h suphrdbab ajh stgkke g` ib seprg ib hssh, gttrgvhrse `g tgmh``g bk dbcurg 7.3
dgahkth pgrth ih` dec`be ib `gvere = ih` db`h .xs` rh`gtbve g``g hshrabtgzbekh 7 kh` ai
g``hcgte >
7 = 1 9 8 4
QX_H]DBABH QX AG]YG (alq) ? 4,39 99,?: 7?2,=7 742,44 ==1,=1
G@YH^^G(l.`.l) 8?? 98? 9?? 18? 1?? =8?
QX_H]DBABH ]HG@H Flq ? ?,?439 ?,99?: 7,?2=7 7,4244 =,=1=1G@YH^^G 8?? 98? 9?? 18? 1?? =8?
3 : 2 7? 77
QX_H]DBABH QX AG]YG (alq) =8?,9: =:8,?2 114,=3 12=,4= 911,28
G@YH^^G(l.`.l) =?? 78? 7?? 8? ?
QX_H]DBABH ]HG@H Flq =,8?9: =,:8?2 1,14=3 1,2=4= 9,1128
G@YH^^G =?? 78? 7?? 8? ?
DBCX]G 7.3> Ygmh``h ihb igtb rh`gtbvb g``h grhh ihthrlbkgth ig``g precrhssbekh ih``h aurvh ib `bvh``e
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7: Hshrabtgzbekh 7
@g aurvg bpsecrgdbag ajh sb rbagvg iukquh>
AX]TG B_QEC]GDBAG
?
7??
=??
1??
9??
8??
4??
? 7 = 1 9 8
QX_H]DBABH (Flq)
G@YH^^G(l.`.l.)
.
Qhrbh7
DBCX]G 7.:>Aurvg bpsecrgdbag ih` mgabke sbte bk _g`gzzb L.kg(]hccbe Ag`gmrbg)
Aurvg bpselhtrbag
Qtrhttglhkth aekkhssg g quh``g bpsecrgdbag, `g aurvg bpselhtrbag sb rbagvg g``e
sthsse leie, lg rbpertgkie `h g`tbtuibkb h `h suphrdbab giblhksbekg`bzzgth,
rgppertgth, abe, g``g`tbtuibkh lgssblg h g``g suphrdbabh tetg`h ih` mgabke, aelh
rbpertgte bk tgmh``g kh``g dbcurg 7.2.
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae72
Dbcurg 7.2> suphrdbabh h g`thzzh rgppertgth gb vg`erb lgssblb
@g aurvg bpselhtrbag phr b` mgabke bk hsglh >
AX]TG B_QELHY]BAG
?
?,7
?,=
?,1
?,9
?,8
?,4
?,3
?,:
?,2
7
?,?? ?,7? ?,=? ?,1? ?,9? ?,8? ?,4? ?,3? ?,:? ?,2? 7,??
Quphrdbabh giblhksbekg`bzzgtg
G`thzzggiblh
ksbekg`bzzgtg
Qhrbh7
DBCX]G 7.7?>Aurvg bpselhtrbag
7 = 1 9 8 4
QX_H]DBABH QX AG]YG (alq) ? 4,39 99,?: 7?2,=7 742,44 ==1,=1G@YH^^G(l.`.l) 8?? 98? 9?? 18? 1?? =8?
QX_H]DBABH ]HG@H Flq ? ?,?439 ?,99?: 7,?2=7 7,4244 =,=1=1
G@YH^^G 8?? 98? 9?? 18? 1?? =8?
QX_H]DBABH GIBLHKQBEKG@B^^GYG ?,?? ?,?= ?,7? ?,=8 ?,12 ?,87
G@YH^^G GIBLHKQBEKG@B^^GYG 7 ?,2 ?,: ?,3 ?,4 ?,8
3 : 2 7? 77
QX_H]DBABH QX AG]YG (alq) =8?,9: =:8,?2 114,=3 12=,4= 911,28
G@YH^^G(l.`.l) =?? 78? 7?? 8? ?
QX_H]DBABH ]HG@H Flq =,8?9: =,:8?2 1,14=3 1,2=4= 9,1128G@YH^^G =?? 78? 7?? 8? ?
QX_H]DBABH GIBLHKQBEKG@B^^GYG ?,8: ?,44 ?,33 ?,2? 7,??
G@YH^^G GIBLHKQBEKG@B^^GYG ?,9 ?,1 ?,= ?,7 ?
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=? Hshrabtgzbekh 7
Ig`` gkiglhkte ih``g aurvg bpselhtrbag pesseke ihiursb g`aukh bkderlgzbekb su`
crgie ib hve`uzbekh ih` mgabke gttrgvhrse b` aesbiihtte bkthcrg`h bpselhtrbae, abe b`
ag`ae`e ih``grhg G* setthsg ig``g aurvg sthssg.
Bk pgrtbae`grh phr>
G*0?.9, mgabke g``e stgibe shkb`h 6
G*;?.4, mgabke g``e stgibe cbevgkb`h 6
?.90G*0?.4, mgabke bk stgte ib lgturbt .
_hr b` ag`ae`e ih``grhg setthsg g``g aurvg bpselhtrbag hsbsteke bk `htthrgturg kulhresb
bkthcrg`b, ihttb bkthcrg`b bpselhtrbab. Kh` aekiurrh `g kestrg gkg`bsb gmmbgle ag`ae`gte
`grhg utb`bzzgkie `h agpgabt ephrgtbvh ih` AGI.
_essbgle aeka`uihrh ajh sb trgttg ib uk mgabke bk uke stgibe ib lgturbt.
G`thzzg lhibg
@g`thzzg lhibg ih` mgabke quh``g`thzzg ajh, le`tbp`bagtg phr `g suphrdbabh Q ih`
mgabke rbsu`tg hqubvg`hkth g``grhg setthsg ig``g aurvg bpsecrgdbag.
@g`thzzg lhibg sb rbagvg g pgrtbrh ig``g aurvg bpsecrgdbag gttrgvhrse `g shcuhkth
hcugc`bgkzg >
Qtet< V (Jb+ Jb+7) (Qb+7 Qb) \ / = (7)
Ievh>
- b` prble thrlbkh rgpprhshktg b` ve`ulh ih` pgrg``h`hpbphie bihg`h gvhkth phr
suphrdbabh ib mgsh `grhg ih` mgabke h phr g`thzzg preprbe `g`thzzg lhibg, lhktrh b`
shaekie thrlbkh rgpprhshktg b` ve`ulh ih` trgphzebih ajh setthkih `g aurvg
bpsecrgdbag.
- JbhJb+7 seke `h g`thzzh lhibh prhsh phr eckb sbkce`g strbsabg aelprhsg trg iuh aurvh
ib bvh``e aekshautbvh.
- Qb+7 hQbseke, bkvhah, `h grhh ib eckb sbkce`g strbsabg `g aub sellg derkbsah `grhg
tetg`h G ih` mgabke.
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae =7
Bk g`trb thrlbkb, sb suiibvbih `g suphrdbabh ih` mgabke Qtetbk grhh pgrzbg`b Qb
aelprhsh trg iuh aurvh ib `bvh``e h g abgsaukg grhg sb gsshckg ukg quetg lhibg Jl
pgrb g``g lhibg grbtlhtbag ih``h queth ih``h aurvh ib `bvh``e ajh `g ih`blbtgke.
Ig``g (7) sb rbagvg >
< V (Jb+ Jb+7) (Qb+7 Qb) \ / = Qtet
Qestbtuhkie b vg`erb prhahihkthlhkth bktreiettb phr trgaabgrh `g aurvg bpsecrgdbag
(tgmh``g 7.8), `g`thzzg lhibg ih` mgabke bk hsglh, rbsu`tg hsshrh >
< =19.9 l
G`thzzg lhibgkg
@g`thzzg lhibgkg `g`thzzg g``g qug`h aerrbspekih, kh``g aurvg bpsecrgdbag, `g
lht ih``g suphrdbabh ih` mgabke, abe quh``g`thzzg g` ib seprg ih``g qug`h
aekthkutg `g lht ih``g suphrdbabh ih` mgabke.
@g`thzzg lhibgkg sb rbagvg ibrhttglhkth ig``g rgpprhshktgzbekh ih``g aurvg
bpsecrgdbag, trglbth bkthrpe`gzbekh `bkhgrh.
(=) J < J +
Ievh
Q / = aerrbspekih g``g lht ih``grhg ih` mgabke 6
Q `grhg bllhibgtglhkth prhahihkth gi Q/= 6
Q `grhg bllhibgtglhkth shcuhkth gi Q/= 6
J `g`thzzg aerrbspekihkth gi Q .
B igtb rh`gtbvb g` mgabke bk hsglh, dgab`lhkth rbktrgaabgmb`b su``g aurvg bpsecrgdbag,
seke >
J < 8? l 6Q < 7.3? Fl= 6
~ J*( Q Q/= )
( Q Q)
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== Hshrabtgzbekh 7
Q < =.=1 Fl= 6
Q/= < =.73 Fl= 6
J < 1?? l .
Qestbtuhkie kh``g (=) sb rbagvg >
J< J + < 8?*(=,=1-=,73) +1?? < 1?8,:9 l. s.`.l.
7.9.8. Ag`ae`e ihb pgrglhtrb agrgtthrbstbab ih``g phkihkzg
@bkderlgzbekh g`tblhtrbag aekshkth ib ihthrlbkgrh b pgrglhtrb rbcugrigktb `g
phkihkzg, aelh `g phkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke h quh``g ih``gstg prbkabpg`h, ig aub
ibphkieke, g `ere ve`tg, `h agrgtthrbstbajh abkhlgtbajh ih``g rhth sae`gkth.
_hkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke
B` ag`ae`e ih``g phkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke ag`ae`gmb`h aelh lhibg phsgtg ih``h
phkihkzh ib eckb trgtte ib grhg trg `h aurvh ib `bvh``e h `g suphrdbabh tetg`h >
m < (7 / Q)* bmbQb (9)
Aek >
Qb < suphrdbabh ih``g b-hsblg perzbekh bk aub b` mgabke vbhkh ibvbse ig``h aurvh ib
`bvh``e prhahihkthlhkth aeksbihrgth 6
bmb< phkihkzg ih``g b-hsblg perzbekh ib mgabke Qb6
Q < suphrdbabh tetg`h ih` mgabke bk hsglh .
@g suphrdbabh ih``g b-hsblg perzbekh , sh gppressblgtg gi uk trgphzbe, h igtg ig``g
derlu`g>
Qb< ( `b+ `b+7 )*ib/ =
J*( Q Q/= )
( Q Q ) (=,=1-7,3)
~
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae=1
ievh >
`b, `b+7 < `ukcjhzzh ih``h bsebpsh suaahssbvh ajh ih`blbtgke `g perzbekh 6
ib < ibstgkzg trg `h iuh aurvh ib `bvh``e suiihtth .
Qestbtuhkie kh``g derlu`g (9), iepe shlp`bab aeksbihrgzbekb ib tbpe trbcekelhtrbae h
pgssgccb lgthlgtbab, sb rbagvg >
M < ( J / Q )* `b (8)
Evvhre, `g phkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke rbsu`tg ibphkihrh ukbaglhkth ig >
J < ibs`bvh``e aestgkth trg `h aurvh bselhtrbajh aeksbihrgth 6
Q < suphrdbabh tetg`h ih` mgabke 6
`b< sellgterbg ih``h `ukcjhzzh ih``h bsebpsh suiihtth .
H khahssgrbe sette`bkhgrh ajh `g derlu`g gpphkg bktreiettg vg`big se`e kh` agse bk aub
sbgke seiibsdgtth `h shcuhktb aekibzbekb >
g) `g prblg aurvg ib `bvh``e pgssb phr `g shzbekh ib ajbusurg ( `7< ? ) 6
m) `u`tblg aurvg ib `bvh``e pgssb phr b` pukte g quetg pb h`hvgtg ( `k< ? ) .
Qh quhsth iuh aekibzbekb kek seke seiibsdgtth khahssgrbe sellgrh g``g derlu`g (8)
uk thrlbkh aerrhttbve A pgrb g >
A < V (7-(J/J))*`7+ (7-(J/J))*`k\
Ievh >
J < ibddhrhkzg ib quetg trg `g prblg aurvg ib `bvh``e h `g shzbekh ib ajbusurg 6
J < ibddhrhkzg ib quetg trg `u`tblg aurvg ib `bvh``e h b` pukte pb g`te 6
`7< `ukcjhzzg ih``g prblg bsebpsg 6
`k< `ukcjhzzg ih``u`tblg bsebpsg .
Kh` agse ih` mgabke bk hsglh `h aekibzbekb g) h m) rbsu`tgke seiibsdgtth, qubkib pebaj >
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=9 Hshrabtgzbekh 7
J < 8?l 6
Q < 9.14Fl=6
`b< 97.3==fl.
`g phkihkzg lhibg >
M < ?.9: < 9:%
_hkihkzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h
_hr ag`ae`grh `g phkihkzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h kek seke pb suddbabhktb `h ibhab aurvh
bselhtrbajh prhahihkthlhkth aeksbihrgth, lg mbseckg dgr rbdhrblhkte g tutth `h bsebpsh
ajh pgssgke phr b` mgabke hi bkthrshagke `gstg prbkabpg`h.
Bk thrlbkb ib ag`ae`e pessbmb`h shcubrh iuh strgih>
-lhteie crgdbae 6
-lhteie gkg`btbae .
-Lhteie crgdbae
Wuhste preahiblhkte aeksbsth kh` aeksbihrgrh bkkgkzbtutte uk crgdbae ajh rbpertb bk
gsabssg `h `ukcjhzzh ih``h aurvh ib `bvh``e h bk eribkgtg `h queth aerrbspekihktb, ajh
rgpprhshktg b` predb`e `ekcbtuibkg`h ih``gstg prbkabpg`h.
G quhste pukte, `g phkihkzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h sgr b` aehddbabhkth gkce`grh ih``g
aesbiihttg rhttg ib aelphkse, abe `g rhttg erbhktgtg bk leie ig ihthrlbkgrh iuh grhh
ucug`b (Dbc. 7.77)
_]EDB@E @EKCBYXIBKG@H GQYG _]BKAB_G@H
?
8?
7??
78?
=??
=8?
1??
18?
9??
98?
8??
? ?,9 ?,: 7,= 7,4 = =,9 =,: 1,= 1,4 9 9,9 9,:
@XKCJH^^G (Fl)
WXEYG(ls.`.l.
Qhrbh7
Dbcurg 7.77>`g `bkhg bk resse h `g rhttg ib aelphkse
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae=8
Yrgaabgtg `g rhttg ib aelphkse, aelh lestrgte bk dbcurg 7.77, `g phkihkzg lhibg ih`
mgabke ucug`h g` phrahkte ih` aehddbabhkth gkce`grh ih``g rhttg ib aelphkse bk resse
Bg
bg < V @g/ ( ( @b+7 @b ) / bb)\ = (4)
Ievh>
@g< `ukcjhzzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h 6
@b+7 @b
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=4 Hshrabtgzbekh 7
@r< 7 / V =*Ii*( 7 bg/ m) \
Aek
Ii < ihksbt ib irhkgccbe 6
bg< phkihkzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h 6
m < phkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke .
_hr b` mgabke bk hsglh >
Ii
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae=3
_hr b` mgabke bk hsglh >
Q < 9,18 Flq 6
@g
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=: Hshrabtgzbekh 7
erbcbkh g uk shclhkte ib = eribkh. Iuh rglb ih` shaekie eribkh, aekd`uhkie
ihthrlbkgke uk aerse igaqug ih` 1eribkh h aes vbg.
Bk chkhrg`h, `g chrgrajbzzgzbekh shaekie Jertek-Qtrgjh`hr sb dekig su``h shcuhktb trh
rhce`h>
-qugkie aekd`ubsaeke iuh trekajb ib eribkh f, kh ihrbvg uke ib eribkh f+7 6
-sh uk aerse igaqug ib eribkh f bkaektrg uke ib eribkh f+7, sb erbcbkg uk trekae ib
eribkh f+7 6
-sh uk trekae ib eribkh f sb vhrsg bk uke ib eribkh f+= e suphrberh, kek kh dg aglmbgrh
`g kulhrgzbekh chrgrajbag h vbhkh ihtte gkelg`e .
giephrgkie b` lhteie ib Jertek-Qtrgjh`hr `g chrgrajbzzgzbekh ih` mgabke bk hsglh
rbsu`tg aelh bk dbcurg 7.7= >
Dbcurg 7.7=> chrgrajbzzgzbekh ihb aersb igaqug
b` kestre mgabke jg qubkib eribkh 8.
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae=2
]gpperte ib mbderagzbekh lhibe
@g kulhrgzbekh chrgrajbag ih` mgabke phrlhtth `g ihdbkbzbekh ih` rgpperte ib
mbderagzbekh lhibe, ihdbkbte ig``g shcuhkth hsprhssbekh >
]m,f
]m,f < rgpperte ib mbderagzbekh, abe b` rgpperte trg b` kulhre ib trekajb ib eribkh f h
quh``b ib eribkh f+7 6
]m,f < Kf/ Kf+7
kf< aehddbabhkth, ag`ae`gmb`h ig``g rh`gzbekh >
kf< 4f (flgx f) / (flgx( flgx= 7))
_hr b` mgabke bk hsglh, aelh sb hvbkah ig``g dbcurg, rbagvbgle `g shcuhkth tgmh``g ajh
rbpertg b` kulhre ib trekajb phr abgsauk eribkh rb`hvgte >
B` rgpperte ib mbderagzbekh lhibe rbsu`tg hsshrh >
]m,f
< 8.38=287
KXLH]E
Y]EKAJB
E]IBKH
f
=17 7
8? =
7= 1
= 9
7 8
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1? Hshrabtgzbekh 7
]hce`h ib Jertek
@h rhce`h ib Jertek seke ih``h rh`gzbekb hlpbrbajh ajh ab phrlhtteke ib vhrbdbagrh
`hsgtthzzg ihb ag`ae`b hddhttugtb gttrgvhrse `gppgrthkhkzg ihb rbsu`tgtb gi uk
pgrtbae`grh rgkch.
B rhce`g ib Jertek e rhce`g ih` kulhre ihb aersb igaqug
Yg`h `hcch stgmb`bsah ajh phr eckb eribkh f b` rgpperte ib mbderagzbekh seiibsdb `g
shcuhkth rh`gzbekh >
7.8 0 ]m 0 8.8 aek ]m < Kf/ Kf+7
kh` kestre agse >
]m7 < =17/8? < 9.4=
]m= < 8?/77 < 9.93
]m1 < 77/= < 8,8
]m9 < =/7 < =
BB rhce`g ib Jertek e rhce`g ih``h `ukcjhzzh lhibh
Qtgmb`bsah phr eckb eribkh f b` dgtterh ]`sbg aelprhse kh` shcuhkth rgkch >
7? 0 ]` 0 1.8 aek ]`< @f / @f-7
ievh >
@f < `ukcjhzzg lhibg ihb aersb igaqug ib eribkh f 6
@f-7 < `ukcjhzzg lhibg ihb aersb igaqug ib eribkh f-7 .
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B` mgabke birecrgdbae17
BBB rhce`g ib Jertek e rhce`g ih``h grhh lhibh
Qtgmb`bsah phr eckb eribkh f b` dgtterh ]msbg aelprhse kh` shcuhkth rgkch >
1 0 ]m 0 4 aek ]m< Gf / Gf-7
ievh >
Gf ,Gf-7 < suphrdbab lhibh trg iuh aurvh bselhtrbajh suaahssbvh .
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=@h prhabpbtgzbekb
=.7. Bktreiuzbekh
Iepe gvhr stuibgte `h agrgtthrbstbajh lerdelhtrbajh ih` mgabke hi gvhrkh bkibvbiugtb b
pgrglhtrb rbcugrigktb b` rb`hve h `g phkihkzg, `gkg`bsb bire`ecbag sb spestg su``g
vg`utgzbekh h h`gmergzbekh stgtbstbag ihb igtb p`uvbelhtrbab.
=.=. Chkhsb h derlgzbekh ih``g prhabpbtgzbekh
B` pukte ib pgrthkzg phr `g chkhsb ih``h prhabpbtgzbekb lhtherbajh rgpprhshktgte
ig``bkkg`zglhkte ih``h lgssh igrbg ag`ig, ajh rgccbuktg ukg quetg aelprhsg trg
7=??? h b =???? l , i `uece g``g derlgzbekh ih``h kumb, `g aub aelpesbzbekh vgrbg aek
`g thlphrgturg.
Bk leie pgrtbae`grh trevbgle >
-pgrtbah``h igaqug, phr t ; ?A
-pgrtbah``h igaqug h arbstg``b ib cjbgaabe, phr ?A 0 t 0 -9?A
-arbstg``b ib cjbgaabe, phr t0 -9?A
Bk chkhrg`h `h pgrtbah``h igaqug prhshktb kh``h kumb jgkke ibglhtrb le`te rbiettb,pgrb
g 7? 1? l.
Ib aekshcuhkzg hssh seke lgkthkuth sesphsh ig``h aerrhktb gsahksbekg`b ih``gtlesdhrg
h ihveke khahssgrbglhkth bkcressgrsb (dbke g ?.8 = ll) phr igr `uece g``h
prhabpbtgzbekb.
@bkcressglhkte ih``h pgrtbah``h igaqug gvbhkh gttrgvhrse iuh dhkelhkb>
Aekihksgzbekh 6
Aeg`hsahkzg .
B` dhkelhke ib aekihksgzbekh ihthrlbkgte ig``h ibddhrhkzh ib thksbekh ib vgperh trg
`h pgrtbah``h6 bkdgttb seke preprbe `h ceaabe`bkh igaqug aek lbker thksbekh gi
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@h prhabpbtgzbekb11
bkcressgrsb, rgccbukchkie ibglhtrb bkterke gb 7?? l. dgverbth ig``g prhshkzg ihb
aesbiihttb kua`hb ib aekihksgzbekh, abe pgrtbah``h ibvhrsh ig``gaqug, prhvg`hkthlhkth
aestbtubth ig sg`b .
@h iblhksbekb ih``h pgrtbah``h aekihksgth rbsu`tgke gkaerg bksuddbabhktb.
G``g aekihksgzbekh ihvh g``erg shcubrh `g aeg`hsahkzg, dhkelhke preiette igc`b urtb
h`httrestgtbab, gttrgvhrse b qug`b `h pgrtbah``h pb crgkib bkc`emgke `h pb pbaae`h,
rgccbukchkie b = ll ib ibglhtre h ihthrlbkgkie `g prhabpbtgzbekb gtlesdhrbajh.
=.1. Lbsurg ih``h prhabpbtgzbekb
_rblg ib preahihrh g``h`gmergzbekh stgtbstbag ihb igtb p`uvbelhtrbab, khahssgrbe
bktreiurrh iuh kezbekb dekiglhktg`b phr `gkg`bsb bire`ecbag, evvhre quh``h ib g`thzzg ib
prhabpbtgzbekh h phrbeie ib rbterke.
G`thzzg ib prhabpbtgzbekh
Ihttg gkajh g`thzzg ib pbeccbg, rgpprhshktg `g`thzzg ih``e strgte `bqubie rbagvgtg su`
sue`e sh `gaqug kek hvgpergssh, kek ihd`ubssh suphrdbabg`lhkth, kek sb bkdb`trgssh hkek sb rgaaec`bhssh kh``h ihprhssbekb suphrdbabg`b, evvhre bk prhshkzg ib uk thrrhke
tetg`lhkth pbgkhccbgkth h blphrlhgmb`h hi bk gsshkzg ib se`h. Qu tg`h prbkabpbe seke
mgsgtb c`b strulhktb ib lbsurgzbekh ajh seke ib trh tbpb> p`uvbelhtrb, p`uvbecrgdb,
kbvelhtrb.
=.1.7. B` p`uvbelhtre
B p`uvbelhtrb, strulhktb shlp`bab ajh vhkceke utb`bzzgtb phr tg`b lbsurgzbekb h seke
derlgtb ig uk rbahvbterh gi blmute lukbte ib uk er`e tgc`bhkth ajh sb gppeccbg su uk
rhabpbhkth rgaaec`bterh. Crgzbh gb igtb etthkutb ig` p`uvbelhtre pessbgle ag`ae`grh
`bkthksbt lhibg ib pbeccbgbk rh`gzbekh g` thlpe g` qug`h ab sb rbdhrbsah. @bkthksbt
bstgktgkhg iukquh igtg ig``g tgkchkth bk eckb pukte g``g aurvg bkthcrg`h ih``h
prhabpbtgzbekb. Kh``h pgrth suphrberh ih``e strulhkte vbhkh gpp`bagtg ukg rhth
lhtg``bagajh kek phrlhtth `hvgpergzbekh ih``gaqug, ukg ih``h prbkabpg`b agush aek
`g prhshkzg ih` vhkte ib hrrerb ib lbsurgzbekh. Ietgzbekh gccbuktbvg ihb p`uvbelhtrb
seke c`b sajhrlb ajh phrlhtteke ib g``grcgrh `g suphrdbabh rbahttbvg hi hvbtgke b dgstbib
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19 Hshrabtgzbekh =
ievutb g``g prhshkzg ih` vhkte. @g sah`tg ih``g
pesbzbekh ih``e strulhkte dekiglhktg`h phr
etthkhrh uk igte rhg`h, bkdgttb, mbseckg
ae``eagrh b` p`uvbelhtre aek ukg ibstgkzg igc`b
estgae`b vbabkb pgrb g` ieppbe ih``g`thzzg
lgssblg ihb suiihttb blphiblhktb. Bk agse ib
thrrhkb saekkhssb mbseckg rbusabrh g ae``eagrh
`g meaag ih``e strulhkte pgrg``h`glhkth g`
thrrhke hi ertecekg`h rbsphtte g``g ibrhzbekh
ih``g agiutg gtlesdhrbag. G dbgkae (dbc. =.7) sb
vhih `e sajhlg ib dukzbekglhkte ib uk
p`uvbelhtre, lhktrh kh``g dbcurg bk mgsse
(dbc.=.=) h rbpertgte uk leihrke p`uvbelhtre
ibcbtg`h.
Dbcurg =.7> sajhlg ib dukzbekglhkte ib uk p`uvbelhtre
Dbcurg =.=> p`uvbelhtre g mgsau`g
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@h prhabpbtgzbekb18
=.1.=. B` p`uvbecrgde
B@ p`uvbecrgde uke strulhkte pb prhabse h ab phrlhtth ib aekesahrh h ib
aelprhkihrh `g vgrbgzbekh ih``bkthksbt ib pbeccbg h ih``g`thzzg ib prhabpbtgzbekh
aestgkthlhkth. Qb trgttg iukquh ib uke strulhkte lhaagkbae phr `g lbsurgzbekh ih``h
prhabpbtgzbekb gtlesdhrbajh. B` p`uvbecrgde aestbtubsah uk'ukbt ib rb`hvgzbekh gutekelg
(aelprhkih bkdgttb shkserh, rhcbstrgterh crgdbaeh g`blhktgzbekh) h khahssbtg se`e
ib hsshrh ae``hcgte g``'blmute ib agtturg, g``e saepe ib rgaaec`bhrh `h prhabpbtgzbekb.
Wuhste rhcbstrgterh
pgrtbae`grlhkth
bkibagte phr b`
lekbtergccbe ih``g
pbeccbg h rgpprhshktg
uk aelpekhkth
hsshkzbg`h g``'bkthrke ib
ukg tbpbag stgzbekh
a`blgte`ecbag, ajh
aelprhkih u`thrberb
strulhktb phr b
rhstgktb pgrglhtrb
dekiglhktg`b, qug`b prhssbekh, ulbibt, thlphrgturg.
Hsbsteke trh tbpb ib p`uvbecrgde> g mgsau`g, g sbdekh h tetg`bzzgterh.
Xtb`bzzgkie b` p`uvbecrgde g mgsau`g `g pbeccbg rgaae`tg ig``'blmute, trgksbtggttrgvhrse b` ibspesbtbve ib rb`hvgzbekh - g vgsajhttg esab``gkth - kh` rhcbstrgterh, hi
qubkib sagrbagtg g``'hsthrke ih``e strulhkte. B` _`uvbecrgde dukzbekg crgzbh
g``'esab``gzbekh ib ukg vgsajhttg bk lhtg``e `hcchre, tgrgtg phr ukg shksbmb`bt ib
?,=ll/lq ib pbeccbg. @g vgsajhttg ibvbsg bk iuh aelpgrtblhktb hi esab``g
`bmhrglhkth aelh ukg mb`gkabg bkterke gi uk gssh erbzzektg`h6 qugkie ?,=ll/lq ib
gaqug jgkke rbhlpbte uk aelpgrtblhkte, `g vgsajhttg sagttg bk pesbzbekh hi b` sue
levblhkte trgslhsse g``g phkkg sarbvhkth, ajh rhcbstrg `h bkderlgzbekb su uk
ibgcrgllg crgiugte. @g rhcbstrgzbekh aeksbsth bk ukg shrbh ib trgaah ibsaektbkuh h `g
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14 Hshrabtgzbekh =
ibstgkzg drg eckb trgaabg rgpprhshktg `'bkthrvg``e ib thlpe drg prhabpbtgzbekb ib
?,=ll/lq. Xk sbsthlg ib bkcrgkgccb aekshkth g``g phkkg ib trgaabgrh b` ibgcrgllg bk
hktrglmh `h ibrhzbekb - ig` mgsse bk g`te h vbahvhrsg - h rbphtutglhkth> phrtgkte `g
sag`g ib lbsurg vbrtug`lhkth b``blbtgtg.
@g phribtg pgrb g` 8% ib pbeccbg agiutg hi
ievutg g` levblhkte ihb rhabpbhktb ievute g`
cbece(sbsthlg vgsau`gkth).
@ukbag ibddhrhkzg ih` p`uvbecrgde g sbdekh
`g prhshkzg gppukte ib uk shlp`bah sbdekh
ajh thkih g rbhlpbrsb dbke g` suaahssbve
gihsaglhkte ajh phrlhtth ib sagrbagrh
`gaqug g``hsthrke ih``e strulhkte, lg b`
lhaagkbsle ih``g puktg sarbvhkth
prhsseaj ucug`h.
Bk lektgckg bkvhah vbhkh utb`bzzgte b`
p`uvbecrgde tetg`bzzgterh agpgah ib
lbsurgrh h rhcbstrgrh `g agiutg ib pbeccbg phr lhsb bk aekibzbekb glmbhktg`b hstrhlh
hi bk `uecjb ibddbab`lhkth gaahssbmb b6 phr tg`h letbve sb trgttg ib uke strulhkte g`te 8/4
lhtrb h aek ukg meaag ib abrag uk lhtre. Qu` dekie ib quhste strulhkte vbhkh
ihpesbtgtg ukg muekg qugktbt ib e`be, ajh blphrlhgmb`bzzg `gaqug, h ib `bqubie gktb-
ch`e ajh hsshkie pb `hcchrb ih``gaqug stgckgke su ib hssg h kek phrlhtteke b`
aekch`glhkte ih``g sthssg, ajh preveajhrhmmh b` m`eaae ih` sbsthlg hi ukg iblbkuzbekh
ih` ve`ulh rhg`h.
=.1.1. B` kbvelhtre
B` kbvelhtre uke strulhkte ajh rgaaec`bh `g khvh phr ag`ae`grh `g`thzzg lhibg ih`
lgkte khvese, `g qugktbt ib khvh agiutg g` sue`e, `g aerrbspekihkth qugktbt ib gaqug
ag`ig khahssgrbg phr sabec`bhrh aelp`htglhkth `g khvh hi b` kulhre ib cberkb phr b
qug`b `g khvh rblgkh g` sue`e shkzg aeksbihrgrh khvbagth suaahssbvh. B` kbvelhtre jg
ukgphrturg ib abrag 1?/9? ahktblhtrb h vbhkh peste bk `eag`bt lektuesh hspesth sphsse
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@h prhabpbtgzbekb13
g `ukcjh khvbagth. Khb `uecjb aek gmmekigktb qugktbt ib khvh sb
ahrag ib dekihrh `g khvh agiutg bk leie ajh kek gmmbg gi estrubrh
`e strulhkte, e aek b` ag`erh ibrhtte derkbte ig ukg rhsbsthkzg
h`httrbag h aek `bllhtthrvb ukg qugktbt ketg ib gaqug ag`ig ajh
peb vbhkh settrgttg ig` tetg`h lbsurgte, lg sb preveag
`hvgpergzbekh h sb thkih g dg`sgrh b igtb etthkutb.
=.9. Blpbhce ihb igtb p`uvbelhtrbab
@g lbsurg ihb igtb p`uvbelhtrbab gppgkkgccbe ih``e stgte ajh hsp`bag quhstg dukzbekh
lhibgkth ukg rhth ib strulhktb pestb su` thrrbterbe btg`bgke. @g sbkce`g `eag`bt bk aub sb
hddhttugke `h lbsurgzbekb prhkih b` kelh ib stgzbekh hi b igtb rh`gtbvb gi eckb stgzbekh
vhkceke rbpertgtb gkke phr gkke khc`b gkkg`b bire`ecbab.
=.9.7. Gkkg`b bire`ecbab
C`b gkkg`b bire`ecbab aestbtubsaeke uke strulhkte dekiglhktg`h phr `g prechttgzbekh birgu`bag,
pebaj rgaae`ceke tuttb b igtb p`uvbelhtrbab rhcbstrgtb iurgkth `gkke su` thrrbterbe btg`bgke, ajh
prhshktg abrag uke strulhkte eckb :? Fl=.
@g pgrth ib lgccber bkthrhssh ig` pukte ib vbstg bkchckhrbstbae `g shaekig, rbpertgkth `h
bkderlgzbekb chkhrg`b su``h stgzbekb p`uvbelhtrbajh ib rbdhrblhkte (kelh, pesbzbekh su` `bvh``e
lhibe ih` lgrh, strulhktb giephrgtb h agrgtthrbstbajh), aub shcueke ukg shrbh ib tgmh``h, shb phr
stgzbekh.
BYgmh``g
@g pb blpertgkth, pebaj rbpertg b igtb ihb p`uvbelhtrb, bk pgrtbae`grh b` vg`erh lhibe cberkg`bhre h
lhksb`h ih``g`thzzg ib prhabpbtgzbekh, b` lgssble gkkug`h h b` kulhre ib cberkb pbevesb*.
BBYgmh``g
]gpprhshktg uk rbhpb`ece ih``g prblg, aek lgccber gtthkzbekh gb igtb lhksb`b hi gkkug`b.
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1: Hshrabtgzbekh =
BBBYgmh``g
]bpertg b igtb ihb p`uvbecrgdb h, bk pgrtbae`gr leie, b lgssblb gkkug`b ib pbeccbg phr phrbeib ib 7, 1,
4, 7=, =9 erh, aek b cberkb ib lbsurgzbekh.
BT Ygmh``g
]gaaec`bh b vg`erb rbcugrigktb `h lgssblh prhabpbtgzbekb ih``gkke phr phrbeib ib pb cberkb
aekshautbvb.
TYgmh``g
]bpertg b igtb ih``h pbeccbh ib mrhvh iurgtg h derth bkthksbt.
TB
Ygmh``g
]bcugrig `h prhabpbtgzbekb khvesh, gttrgvhrse b vg`erb rhcbstrgtb igb kbvelhtrb.
=.9.=. Gkg`bsb stgtbstbag
Wuhstb igtb seke b` pukte ib pgrthkzg phr vg`utgrh pgrhaajb pgrglhtrb bk dgsh ib prechttgzbekh trglbth
ukg h`gmergzbekh stgtbstbag. @g shaekig dgsh ih``gkg`bsb bire`ecbag rbcugrig `g stblg ih``g aesbiihttg
pertgtg g` ae`le phr uk gsshckgte mgabke gi uk dbssgte phrbeie ib rbterke Y.Qb ihdbkbsah phrbeie
ib rbterke Y, `bkthrvg``e ib thlpe lhibe trg iuh suaahssbvh rhg`bzzgzbekb ib uk hvhkte.
Hsse rgpprhshktg ukbpethsb dekiglhktg`h kh``g prechttgzbekh birgu`bag, bk qugkte
rbsu`tg preperzbekg`h g``blpertgkzg ih``ephrg h gb rbsajb ihrbvgktb ig pessbmb`b hrrerb e
cugstb. Aelh cb gktbabpgte, `g vg`utgzbekh ihb igtb p`uvbelhtrbab vbhkh aekiettg gttrgvhrse
`gpp`bagzbekh ib `hccb ib ibstrbmuzbekh stgtbstbag, g` dbkh ib ag`ae`grh `g premgmb`bt ajh vhkcg
suphrgte uk ihthrlbkgte vg`erh ib sec`bg, kh` agse pgrtbae`grh `g pertgtg g` ae`le Wa.
B vg`erb ih``g pertgtg g` ae`le, e pertgtg lgssblg, petrhmmhre gkajh hsshrh rbagvgtb gttrgvhrse
ibvhrsh hsprhssbekb, aelh >
Derlu`g ib _gc`bgre 6
Derlu`g ib Yekbkb 6
Derlu`g ib Cjhrgrih``b-Lgrajhttb.
Ajh phr trevgke ibddbab`h gpp`bagzbekh bk qugkte `g `ere gddbigmb`bt sh pgrgcekgtg gb rbsu`tgtb
ih``g stgtbstbag le`te mgssg h sb aerrh b` rbsajbe ib sevrgstblg e settestblg ih``g pertgtg.
Wuhste phraj quhsth seke derlu`h hlpbrbajh.
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@h prhabpbtgzbekb12
@g ibstrbmuzbekh stgtbstbag usgtg pb drhquhkthlhkth (hi gkajh `g pb gktbag) `g `hcch ib
Culmh`6 g`trh `hccb seke `g YAHT (twe aelpekhkts hstrhlh vg`uhs), `g ibstrbmuzbekh ib
Shbmu``(pb gigttg g``h ekih ib lgrh) h `g `hcch ib Drajht.
@g aerrhtthzzg ih``g sah`tg ih``g `hcch stgtbstbag pu hsshrh dgab`lhkth vhrbdbagtg gttrgvhrse b`
thst ib _hgrsek.
Bkdbkh `utb`bzze ib ukg ibstrbmuzbekh stgtbstbag, phrlhtth ib rbpertgrh b igtb su agrtg premgmb`bstbag
h aekshkth b` ag`ae`e ih``h pertgth g` ae`le phr dbssgtb phrbeib ib rbterke h `g rbse`uzbekh ib le`tb
prem`hlb `hcgtb g` rbsajbe h g` phrbeie ib rbterke sthsse.
=.8. Qve`cblhkte ih``hshrabtgzbekh =
Bk shcubte vhirhle `gpp`bagzbekh ib qugkte dbkerg ihtte su igtb rhg`b hddhttugtb su`
mgabke birecrgdbae ib bkthrhssh ih` dbulh ]uddg `g aub hsthksbekh grhg`h ib abrag 17=
Fl=.
_hr pethr stblgrh b pgrglhtrb ih``g ibstrbmuzbekh ib premgmb`bt, ajh sb suppekh sbg ukg
Culmh`, khahssgrbe rbagvgrh g`aukb igtb.
@g `hcch ib Culmh`, ajh hsprblh `g premgmb`bt ajh ukg vgrbgmb`h g`hgterbg Z sbg
suphrberh g ukg sec`bg prhdbssgtg x, lgthlgtbaglhkth hsprhssg ig``g shcuhkth
derlu`g>
_ < ( Z x ) < h h
Qb rbthkute eppertuke igte `bkchkth qugktbt ib ag`ae`b ig hddhttugrh, ekih hvbtgrh
hrrerb ib qug`sbgsb kgturg ajh bkaerrhrhmmhre kh` ag`ae`e g lgke (kek u`tblg `g
prepgcgzbekh ih``hrrerh kh``h gppressblgzbekb suaahssbvh ihb igtb) ib blpestgrh uk
dec`be ib ag`ae`e Lbaresedt hxah`(hshrabtgzbekh = ih` ai g``hcgte) b aub rbsu`tgtb seke pb
gvgktb rbpertgtb. Kh``g tgmh``g ihrbvgtg aelp`htglhkth ig``glmbhkth ib `gvere ih`
dec`be ib ag`ae`e hsprblbgle tuttb b igtb khahssgrb g``e sve`cblhkte ih``g `hcch ib
Culmh`, bk quhstg shquhkzg>
7.
kh``g prblg ae`ekkg seke stgtb rbpertgth `h lbsurgzbekb ihb lgssblb gkkug`b
ih``h pertgth g` ae`le Wa (l1/s) trgttb igc`b Gkkg`b bihe`ecbab 6
-( x u )
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9? Hshrabtgzbekh =
=. kh``g shaekig ae`ekkg seke stgtb rbpertgth `h sthssh lbsurgzbekb bk eribkh
arhsahkth6
1. `g thrzg ae`ekkg rbpertg `h eribkg`bt (b) rh`gtbvb gb prhahihktb igtb ib pertgtg6
9. `g qugrtg ae`ekkg rbpertg `h drhquhkzh (Db) rh`gtbvh gi eckb igte ib pertgtg. @g
drhquhkzg stgtg ag`ae`gtg trglbth `g derlu`g ib Crhhk-cetthk>
Db
z < - ( x u)
_hr b` ag`ae`e ib quhstb vg`erb gpp`bajbgle b` `ecgrbtle khphrbgke gi hktrglmb
b lhlmrb ih``g `hcch ib Culmh`>
_ < ( Z x ) < h h
`k _ < `k h- h
`k _ < -h (x-u) aglmbgkie b` shcke gi hktrglmb b lhlmrb>
-`k _ < h (x-u) ajh ucug`h g
`k7-`k _
`k `k 7/_ < `k h (x-u) evvhre>
`k `k 7/_ < (x-u)
Hsshkie `g vgrbgmb`h gusb`bgrbg ihdbkbtg aelh> z < (x-u)
Qb jg >
z < -`k `k
b ?.99
K + ?.7=
-( x u )
-( x u )
7
_
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@h prhabpbtgzbekb97
_hr b` therhlg ih` `blbth ahktrg`h, `g drhquhkzg Db sb pu aeksbihrgrh
ucug`h g``g premgmb`bt_, bk qugkte b igtb rbsu`tgke hsshrh peae kulhresb.
Aes pessbmb`h ag`ae`grh b vg`erb ib z aelh>
z < -`k `k
4. `g shstg ae`ekkg rbpertg b igtb rh`gtbvb g` thlpe ib rbterke Y, ag`ae`gte ig``g
shcuhkth hsprhssbekh>
Y